Funded Projects

Primary Investigator: John Gulliver
Co-Investigators: Raymond Hozalski and Yiling Chen (Postdoctoral Scholar)
Industry Partners: TDA Manufacturing
Award Type: Seed Grant – Postdoctoral Research Scholar

Problem: Minnesota lakes and streams are becoming increasingly impaired. One contributor is stormwater runoff, in both urban and rural areas. The impact of stormwater runoff is controlled by a variety of factors, including population density, vehicle pollution, road treatment policies, and the percentage of impervious land surfaces. These and other factors influence the variety and amount of pollutants, including heavy metals, nutrients (e.g., phosphorus and nitrogen), and microbial contaminants. The effects these contaminants have on our waterways, soil health, and surrounding ecosystems are variable, but are dominantly detrimental.

Solution: Discarded auto tires, converted into Tire Derived Aggregate (TDA), can be used as an effective filter when incorporated in engineered stormwater remediation systems. Early indications suggest TDA systems offer similar hydrologic performance to stone aggregate, but improved filtration characteristics. Gulliver and team will test TDA systems at the lab-scale to assess their potential to host biofilm formation and the ability to optimize the filtration performance for specific contaminants.

Impact: The reuse of discarded tires would significantly decrease the amount of solid waste going to landfill or being incinerated. It would also reduce the demand for stone aggregate required by most remediation systems, which could result in decreased land surface disruption due to quarrying. The use of TDA in place of stone aggregate may also result in more effective BMPs, and therefore cleaner stormwater.

Primary Investigator: Sam Toan
Co-Investigators: Ian McNicholes (Undergraduate Research Scholar)
Industry Partners: NA
Award Type: Undergraduate Research Scholar 

Problem: The growth in global economies attributed to the emergence of new technologies needed for industrialization and the associated consumption of fossil fuels leads to serious environmental concerns such as climate change, acid rain, and smog formation. Climate change, resulting from the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG)– including carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the most prevalent – is considered the most serious.

Solution: We are proposing using a solvent based technology: catalytic amine based sorbent to capture CO2 from air. A metal based catalysts such as TiO(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, NaOH, TiO2, etc. will be used to combine with amine solution to create an effective capture sorbent. In this project, student will investigate the effectiveness of different metal based catalyst combined amine based sorbent for direct air capture. This technology could be used in Minnesota to remove excessive carbon dioxide from the environment, remediating the effects of carbon dioxide in air and the resulting damages to the ecology and human health.

Impact: If succeed, this proposed novel technology will lead into more compact capture units due to the enhanced reaction kinetics and lead to an open door to the second stage of the project: converting CO2 to fossil fuel replacement energy such as ethanol, and butanol. In addition, it can provide a near zero emissions CO2 capture system if the solar energy is integrated in this DAC and conversion scaled up plant. The laboratory-scale proof of concept can then be easily scaled up due to the compact size of the system and its cost-effectiveness. If the proposed technology is successfully demonstrated on a large scale, there is the promise for investments (from both the public and private sectors) for further scale-up and validation that brings us one step closer to achieving negative carbon emissions, while potentially influencing carbon emission policies in both the state of Minnesota and the U.S. The results of this project will also be published in high-quality, peer-reviewed journals. 

Primary Investigator: Sam Toan
Co-Investigators: Ian McNicholes (Undergraduate Research Scholar)
Industry Partners: NA
Award Type: Undergraduate Research Scholar 

Problem: The growth in global economies attributed to the emergence of new technologies needed for industrialization and the associated consumption of fossil fuels leads to serious environmental concerns such as climate change, acid rain, and smog formation. Climate change, resulting from the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG)– including carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the most prevalent – is considered the most serious.

Solution: We are proposing using a solvent based technology: catalytic amine based sorbent to capture CO2 from air. A metal based catalysts such as TiO(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, NaOH, TiO2, etc. will be used to combine with amine solution to create an effective capture sorbent. In this project, student will investigate the effectiveness of different metal based catalyst combined amine based sorbent for direct air capture. This technology could be used in Minnesota to remove excessive carbon dioxide from the environment, remediating the effects of carbon dioxide in air and the resulting damages to the ecology and human health.

Impact: If succeed, this proposed novel technology will lead into more compact capture units due to the enhanced reaction kinetics and lead to an open door to the second stage of the project: converting CO2 to fossil fuel replacement energy such as ethanol, and butanol. In addition, it can provide a near zero emissions CO2 capture system if the solar energy is integrated in this DAC and conversion scaled up plant. The laboratory-scale proof of concept can then be easily scaled up due to the compact size of the system and its cost-effectiveness. If the proposed technology is successfully demonstrated on a large scale, there is the promise for investments (from both the public and private sectors) for further scale-up and validation that brings us one step closer to achieving negative carbon emissions, while potentially influencing carbon emission policies in both the state of Minnesota and the U.S. The results of this project will also be published in high-quality, peer-reviewed journals. 

Primary Investigator:  Jiwei Zhang
Co-Investigators: Cara Santelli, Jerry Cohen, Charles Ayers (Graduate Research Scholar)
Industry Partners: SKB Environmental, Wenck-Stantec
Award Type: Seed Grant – Graduate Research Scholar (with NRRI Travel Grant)

Problem: PFAS are persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminants, and these “Forever chemicals” are amongst Minnesota’s and the world’s greatest environmental challenges. Novel and efficient remediation technologies are needed to address the problem. Bioremediation would be an attractive alternative to physio-chemical methods that are often impractical on the scale required. Despite initial successes in PFAS degradation by microbes, the mechanisms of this degradation are not yet fully understood, particularly for fungi, hindering the development of relevant bioremediation technologies.

Solution: Fungi are an attractive option for the development of biological treatment for PFAS, namely “mycoremediation”. Leveraging the Zhang lab’s expertise in fungal biology with collaborators’ expertise in bioremediation and metabolite chemistry will allow for the development of a fungal platform to concurrently develop a bioremediation application for PFAS. This interdisciplinary collaboration will also allow for elucidating the genetic and chemical pathways of fungal PFAS degradation, providing the basic information required to develop effective mycoremediation technologies.

Impact: Our work will advance the bioremediation research of PFAS and, directly, lead to the development of a fungal method for PFAS leachate control in landfills. This will facilitate industries and environmental managers to meet the goal set in Minnesota’s PFAS Blueprint, sustaining the local environments and economies. We also envision the fungal degradation of PFAS can have even broader applications in other relevant contaminated fields.

Primary Investigator: Jeffrey Gralnick
Co-Investigators: NA
Industry Partners: North Star Manganese Inc.
Award Type: Seed Grant – Postdoctoral Research Scholar

Problem: Due to increasing demands for manganese alloys and rare metals, there is a need to concentrate and recover minerals from low-grade ores, waste rock, and tailings. Many deposits in Minnesota contain mixtures of manganese and iron that represent valuable resources if their constituent metals can be separated. However, hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes with high energy inputs are unprofitable with these ores, and most microbial bioleaching approaches rely on sulfur release that is undesirable in Minnesota. New, green technologies are needed to passively extract specific metals and separate them for easy downstream purification without sulfate or acid production.

Solution: This proposal describes a new approach where bacteria self-control redox potential without external input, to reductively solubilize specific metals while avoiding production of environmentally harmful products.

Impact: Manganese ore found in Minnesota is commonly contaminated with iron and other metals that have significant economic value. We hypothesize that organisms with built-in redox control can separate these metals.

Primary Investigator: Steve Severtson
Co-Investigators: Jiwei Zhang
Industry Partners: H.B. Fuller Company
Award Type: Seed Grant – Postdoctoral Research Scholar

Problem: Compostability without sacrificing functionality is the requirement for the next generation of disposable adhesive products. Although sustainability considerations now play a major role in new adhesive designs, resources and guidance for companies looking to develop more sustainable commercial products are mostly absent. 

Solution: The research proposed herein aims to identify technology and approaches to close the life-cycle loop on PSA, PS labels, and other related consumer products. The project emphasizes water based PSA, which accounts for most of the disposable PSA market. We will work with industrial partners to integrate PSA product design and fungal degradation to enable the engineering of the entire life cycle of pressure-sensitive (PS) products. 

Impact: A number of Minnesota companies produce, coat or use PSA. It is a product whose market steadily increases 5% annually and is expected grow to nearly 13 billion dollars by 2025. This growth is due in large part to the expanding use of labels for applications such as mailing and shipping. In 2021, the United States will manufacture about 20 billion square meters of PS label products worth more than 15 billion dollars and containing more than 300 million dry pounds of PSA. Such products are manufactured, converted, sold, and, ultimately, discarded. The research proposed herein aims to identify technology and approaches to close the life-cycle loop on PSA, PS labels, and other related consumer products. 

Primary Investigator: Satoshi Ishii
Co-Investigators: NA
Industry Partners: 3M Corporation
Award Type: Seed Grant – Postdoctoral Research Scholar (with NRRI Travel Grant)

Problem: A large quantity of greenhouse gas N2O is produced by human activities. The chemical decomposition of N2O is too energy-intensive, and therefore, alternative low-cost technology is needed. 

Solution: The proposed research will use bacteria to remove N2O from the air. Aerobic N2O-reducing bacteria identified in the Ishii lab can reduce N2O in ambient conditions, while the industry partner (3M) has highly efficient gas transfer membrane technology. By combining the U of M and the 3M’s technologies, this project will develop a highly efficient N2O-removing biofilter. 

Impact: The goal of this project is to develop and optimize the biofilter that can remove >99% of the environmentally relevant N2O concentrations. The proposed research should contribute to reducing greenhouse gas N2O from the air with less cost. The proposed biofilter is designed to be easily scaled up; therefore, the biofilters should enhance the opportunities for industries in Minnesota. 

Primary Investigator: Boya Xiong
Co-Investigators: Sebastian Behrens
Industry Partners: Ramsey/Washington County Recycling and Energy Team
Award Type: Seed Grant – Postdoctoral Research Scholar

Problem: Single-use plastic or Polyethylene (PE) is the dominant plastic in the world, at 30% of the total global plastic market. Single-use plastic is a significant contributor to the solid waste stream and production forecasts indicated continued growth over the next few years. PE is the third most abundant form of plastic waste in Minnesota landfills and contributes to the increasing prevalence of nano/microplastics in local and regional waterbodies. PE plastics are both largely non-biodegradable and non-recyclable, and will continue to pollute the environment without a sustainable management plan.

Solution: Recent findings on the biodegradation of PE’s show the potential to biologically recover energy within densely packed PE structures. MnDRIVE researchers recently discovered a consortium of fungus and bacteria in Minnesota that can degrade and utilize PE as their sole carbon source. Dr. Xiong’s Lab will build on this early finding to develop a novel co-treatment process to enhance the microbial conversion of PE into value-added intermediates and energy. By enhancing the degradation of densely packed PE structures, this treatment process will enable the bioconversion rate to meet industry demands. 

Impact: The creation and implementation of this technology could completely alter the current, linear material flow of PE. The transition to a circular flow, where the use of PE products no longer signifies the end of its life, could stimulate and incentivize the collection and separation of such waste. A circular material flow for PE would drastically reduce the negative impacts of plastic waste accumulation. If successful, the product could be integrated with anaerobic microbial degradation and the accompanied production of biohydrogen and/or biomethane.

Primary Investigator: Lee Penn
Co-Investigators: Alon McCormick, Spencer Bingham (Graduate Scholar)
Industry Partners: Barr Engineering; Minnesota Pollution Control Agency; Natural Resources Research Institute
Award Type: Seed Grant – Graduate Research Scholar

Problem: In Minnesota, excess sulfate in surface water is harmful to wild rice ecosystems. Current remediation techniques transform excess sulfate to sulfide using naturally occurring microbes. Still, the sulfide produced by microbes must be removed from the wastewater before it can be discharged, creating the need for novel sulfide removal methods.

Solution: The Penn Lab will use iron mining waste materials to remove the sulfide from water and produce iron sulfide solids. MnDRIVE researchers will optimize the conditions of iron sulfides formation to favor more stable products. The stability of the product iron sulfide must be optimized to minimize release of sulfur-species into the environment.

Impact: The ability to remediate sulfide from wastewater by producing stable forms of iron sulfide will prevent release of sulfur species into fresh water sources. Using waste from iron mining activities would employ materials that otherwise have little economic value. Results from MnDRIVE researchers will lead to improved safety in the management of sulfide and create economically useful materials.

Primary Investigator: Jiwei Zhang
Co-Investigators: Ulrike Tschirner, Shri Ramaswamy, Luke Heffernan (Undergraduate Scholar)
Industry Partners: PotlatchDeltic Bemidji Lumber; Andersen Windows and Doors
Award Type: Seed Grant – Undergraduate Research Scholar

Problem: When treated lumber ends up in landfills, harmful chemical preservatives can be leached into nearby groundwater and soil. Despite EPA banning many of these commonly used wood preservatives, products such as Copper Chromium Arsenic (CCA) and creosote continue to generate environmental issues. Moreover, waste lumber is also considered a reusable biomass resource that could provide an additional revenue stream, if harmful chemicals can be  properly removed.

Solution: The Zhang Lab will collect samples from landfills that stack lumber waste and test for the presence of fungi. The team will then examine identified fungi and assess their tolerance to CCA and creosote, as a first step in determining a possible method for decontaminating lumber waste. Additionally, the fungi will be assessed for their ability to decompose wood, also part of the process in creating a source of biomass to be used for bioproducts.

Impact: Identification of fungal species from sources of wasted lumber products could provide new methods of chemical remediation – ultimately preventing CCA and creosote from leaking into wastewater and soil. The use of fungus in remediating waste wood biomass would enhance the potential new revenue stream for chemical-free biomass and bioproducts.

Primary Investigator: Steven Sternberg, Chemical Engineering, UMD
Co-Investigators: Elayna Meyer (Undergraduate Scholar)
Industry Partners: 
Award Type: Seed Grant – Undergraduate Research Scholar

Problem: Mining operations in northern Minnesota demand new methods for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Mining facilities release heavy metals at low concentrations but remain highly toxic to local ecosystems and have the potential to increase in concentration as they are incorporated into food chains.

Solution: MnDRIVE researchers in the Sternberg Lab will test the ability of duckweed, a native Minnesotan plant, to remove three different heavy metals from water. The team will test copper, nickel, and lead at varying concentrations along with anions that commonly associate with the heavy metals: chloride, nitrate, and sulfate. Researchers will use duckweed and water in a lab setting and analyze for changes to biomass, plant health, water quality, and more after exposure to heavy metals and anions.

Impact: Using a native Minnesotan plant to remove heavy metals from water surrounding mining operations would create a natural method of remediation. A successful remediation process would support the health of local ecosystems and prevent heavy metals from being incorporated into food chains.

Primary Investigator: Cara Santelli
Co-Investigators: Tingying Xu (Postdoctoral Scholar)
Industry Partners: ClearWater BioLogic
Award Type: Seed Grant – Postdoctoral Research Scholar 

Problem: A variety of metals mined in northern Minnesota are commonly used in the electronics, communications, and energy industries. However, mining occurs at a cost. High concentrations of metals in surrounding soils and waters can result from improper management of facilities and the mishandling of waste materials, posing significant risk to ecosystems and human health. Currently, few options exist for effective remediation of heavy metal contaminated waters.

Solution: Research shows that bioremediation of metal-laden water using microbial communities as a natural filtration system is effective. Specific Manganese-oxidizing “Mn-oxidizing” microbes act to remove Mn from metal rich fluids through natural redox reactions. Under the right conditions (e.g., pH), these reactions form Mn-oxide minerals that incorporate or adsorb the other metals. This moves manganese and metals from the liquid to solid phase and effectively lowers metal concentrations within the fluid. This project will investigate Mn-oxidizing microbes and their use in a bioremediation system to determine the capacity of this microbial system to simultaneously capture and remove other metals (Cobalt, Copper, Nickel) along with Mn from mining wastewater.

Impact: This research holds potential implications for both Minnesota and the mining industry at large. Development of an effective and low-cost bioremediation system to treat the heavy metal impaired waters of northern MN would provide significant ecosystem benefits. At the same time, Mn-oxidizing microbes offer a unique and valuable technology, if metals captured and enriched by the biominerals are selectively recoverable for downstream applications.

Principal Investigator: Kathryn Fixen
Co-Investigators: Jack Reddan (Undergraduate Scholar)
Award Type: Seed Grant – Undergraduate Research Scholar

Problem: Many industrial processes, like gasoline production, release toxic, aromatic (ring-structured) chemical compounds into Minnesota’s groundwater. Some bacteria, like Rhodopseudomonas palustris, are capable of degrading toxic, aromatic rings through the benzoyl-CoA pathway. However, the full chemical process of detoxification is not well understood, thus limiting the ability to utilize bacteria to remediate certain chemicals from the environment.

Solution: In order to degrade aromatic compounds, bacteria must reduce, or add electrons to, benzoyl-CoA. The electrons are supplied to benzoyl-CoA by a different molecule called BadB. It is not clear where BadB and the electrons it supplies to the benzoyl-CoA pathway originate from. In other model bacteria, the enzyme 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, encoded by the genes korAB, is known to supply electrons to BadB molecules. To see if this also holds true for R. palustris, the Fixen Lab will genetically modify multiple R. palustris strains by deleting the korAB genes and will observe changes in the ability to degrade aromatic rings. 

Impact: The benzoyl-CoA pathway in R. palustris will be better defined through observing bacterial growth and detoxification without the korAB genes. The detoxification of aromatic chemicals already happens naturally on a global scale, but a better understanding of how the benzoyl-CoA pathway in R. palustris will allow bacteria to be used in novel remediation systems that optimize their detoxifying abilities.

Principal Investigator: Kathryn Fixen
Co-Investigators: Jack Reddan (Undergraduate Scholar)
Award Type: Seed Grant – Undergraduate Research Scholar

Problem: Many industrial processes, like gasoline production, release toxic, aromatic (ring-structured) chemical compounds into Minnesota’s groundwater. Some bacteria, like Rhodopseudomonas palustris, are capable of degrading toxic, aromatic rings through the benzoyl-CoA pathway. However, the full chemical process of detoxification is not well understood, thus limiting the ability to utilize bacteria to remediate certain chemicals from the environment.

Solution: In order to degrade aromatic compounds, bacteria must reduce, or add electrons to, benzoyl-CoA. The electrons are supplied to benzoyl-CoA by a different molecule called BadB. It is not clear where BadB and the electrons it supplies to the benzoyl-CoA pathway originate from. In other model bacteria, the enzyme 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, encoded by the genes korAB, is known to supply electrons to BadB molecules. To see if this also holds true for R. palustris, the Fixen Lab will genetically modify multiple R. palustris strains by deleting the korAB genes and will observe changes in the ability to degrade aromatic rings. 

Impact: The benzoyl-CoA pathway in R. palustris will be better defined through observing bacterial growth and detoxification without the korAB genes. The detoxification of aromatic chemicals already happens naturally on a global scale, but a better understanding of how the benzoyl-CoA pathway in R. palustris will allow bacteria to be used in novel remediation systems that optimize their detoxifying abilities.

Primary Investigator: Ping Wang 
Co-Investigators: Benjamin Frigo, Chao Xu (Graduate Scholar)
Industry Partners:  3M
Award Type: Seed Grant – Graduate Research Scholar

Problem: Minnesota is home to a large community of ag/food, pharmaceutical, and other manufacturing companies. Many of these manufacturing facilities contribute significant amounts of volatile organic compounds “VOCs” into the atmosphere, as a by-product of their operations. VOCs are hazardous to human and environmental health and are actively monitored by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. However, few if any effective measures exist for mitigation of these airborne contaminants, especially at high concentrations.

Solution: When placed within air filtration systems, specific microbes are capable of degrading VOCs, although their effectiveness is limited by the concentration and flux of VOCs through the filter. In other words, the contaminant needs to be present at higher levels so that the microbial community can thrive. Engineered nanocarbon matrices (envision microscopic nets) offer a high surface area structure that enhances accumulation and concentration of VOCs as interaction occurs. The Wang Lab will construct a bioreactor using nanocarbon matrices that will be used to investigate remediation of VOCs contaminated air. The nanocarbon matrix will host biofilms that degrade VOCs, and the system will be analyzed for optimization.

Impact: Development of VOC treatment systems that are based on microbial remediation of contaminated air, would offer significant advancement of this technology. The success of this technology would provide many regional industry organizations a new potential solution in treating VOC emissions. Adoption of such technologies could reduce VOC emissions significantly.

Primary Investigator: Brandy Toner
Co-Investigators: Cody Sheik and Brandy Stewart (Postdoctoral Scholar)
Industry Partners: American Peat Technology, Diamond Chrome Plating Inc., and Global Minerals Engineering, LLC.
Award Type: Seed Grant – Postdoctoral Research Scholar

Problem: Industrial stormwater can require expensive treatment to remove environmentally hazardous materials including heavy metal contaminants. Businesses continually look for cheaper and more efficient treatment products to meet their needs.

Solution: Peat-based systems surpassed initial expectations, especially in removing chromium (Cr) from stormwater. Yet, we know little about why peat is so effective. Toner’s team will analyze both the microbial communities and chemical state of chromium in peat filtration systems operating at Diamond Chrome Plating’s Michigan facility. Their analysis will shed light on the role microbial communities and chemistry play in Cr filtration in order to maximize the efficiency of the treatment system at Diamond Chrome. 

Impact: Identifying the role of microbial communities within peat-based filters may help optimize new microbe-based filtration systems. High efficiency, low-cost, and low-maintenance filtration systems targeting chromium and other heavy metals would be valuable across Minnesota given the abundance of heavy metal contaminated waterways throughout the state.

Primary Investigator: Steve Sternberg
Co-Investigators: Chan Lan Chun, Kristofer Isaacson (Graduate Scholar)
Industry Partners: ME Elecmetal, American Peat Technology
Award Type: Seed Grant – Graduate Research Scholar

Problem: Stormwater runoff is recognized as the leading cause of water quality issues nationwide. Here in Minnesota, and specifically, in communities reliant on mineral extraction and manufacturing, stormwater runoff often mobilizes heavy metal and other contaminants, which are detrimental to the ecosystem and human health. While passive bio-reactors are proven tools for treatment and remediation of stormwater, further investigation is required to fully understand which bio-based materials and microbial communities are best combined for the removal of specific contaminants of concern.

Solution: ME Elecmetal is a Duluth-based foundry producing heavy equipment that is also seeking new and effective ways of preventing the release of contaminants from their properties during stormwater events. They are teaming up with the University of Minnesota researchers to analyze and identify bio-materials (e.g., manure, compost, crushed stone, woodchips, and peat) that are effective at removing various contaminants, such as aluminum, copper, iron, zinc, phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfate from stormwater. The project will collect stormwater samples from ME Elecmetal’s Duluth site and analyze them in different bioreactor systems to determine which bio-based media + microbe + environmental/flow conditions provide an adequate remediation system under multiple conditions.  

Impact: In addition to furthering our understanding of bio-based stormwater treatment technologies, this project will provide specific analysis and insight on the optimized treatment system and remediation approach for a whole category of facilities similar to ME Elecmetal. Once identified, the highest-performing treatment option could be added as a layer underneath permeable pavement or built into retention pond walls. This would not only improve passive heavy metal removal in stormwater at ME Elecmetal’s site, but potentially at numerous other facilities.

Primary Investigator:  Jake Bailey
Co-Investigators: Daniel Jones
Industry Partners: Clearwater Layline LLC
Award Type: Seed Grant – Postdoctoral Research Scholar 

Problem: Mining operations on the Mesabi Iron Range can elevate sulfate levels in surrounding waters, which is detrimental to wild rice. Minnesota’s strict sulfate limits put technical and economic strain on mining operations and municipal water treatment plants that discharge into wild rice waters. Standard biological sulfate treatment utilizes anaerobic microorganisms to convert sulfate to sulfide. The sulfide is then removed by adding iron, which results in the production of solid iron sulfide. The iron addition creates other environmental issues in sulfate treatment systems, such as low pH and elevated Cl– in the effluent.

Solution: Biological oxidation of sulfide, a process that uses microbes to remove sulfide from water, could replace iron addition and produce elemental sulfur (S0) as a valuable end product to be sold to other industrial processes. The Bailey Lab will investigate microbial communities and conditions that promote consistent and predictable S0 production. Using lab-scale bioreactors to simulate field conditions, they will optimize the biological oxidation process to ultimately test at pilot- or field-scale.

Impact: Maintaining low sulfate concentrations is important for Ojibwe communities in Minnesota, who rely on wild rice, or manoomin, as a culturally, economically, and spiritually important plant. Biological oxidation of sulfide to S0 could help mining companies in northern Minnesota remove sulfate with a more cost-effective, environmentally friendly process. 

Primary Investigator: Jeffrey Gralnick
Co-Investigators: Brittany Bennett, Peter Intile, and Kaitlyn Redford (Undergraduate Scholar)
Industry Partners: NA
Award Type: Seed Grant – Undergraduate Research Scholar

Problem: Mining generates a large amount of economic activity in Minnesota but can have undesirable consequences such as the release of large amounts of heavy metals into the environment. At certain concentrations, heavy metals become toxic to living organisms. New remediation methods are necessary to reduce the environmental impact of an important industry. 

Solution: Shewanella spp. are a type of environmental bacteria commonly found in aquatic sediments with heavy metals like manganese, chromium, arsenate, and uranium. Unlike other bacteria, Shewanella spp. have metal ion transport proteins which allows them to utilize heavy metals. The Gralnick Lab will characterize a gene called SO_3966 in Shewanella oneidensis which is believed to encode a protein that imports heavy metals into the bacteria. MnDRIVE researchers will identify which types of heavy metals can be imported by the protein, how the protein activity varies along different metal concentrations, and if similar genes are present in other Shewanella spp. bacteria.

Impact: The Gralnick Lab will examine how overexpression of the SO_3966 gene impacts the ability of Shewanella oneidensis to remove heavy metals from the surrounding environment. Characterizing the SO_3966 gene will provide information for how the bacteria could be adapted to remove heavy metals from contaminated soils and waters.

Primary Investigator: Cara Santelli
Co-Investigators: NA
Industry Partners: CH2M
Award Type: Seed Grant – Graduate Research Scholar

Problem: Selenium is a toxic element found in many industrial waste streams. Anaerobic bioremediation is used to reduce selenium to an insoluble form that is filtered out before releasing the waste stream to the environment. However, these anaerobic conditions sometimes necessitate further treatment and cannot be used on all waste streams. 

Solution: Aerobic bacteria and fungi are known to also reduce selenium to insoluble forms but are thus far not used in selenium bioremediation. Dr. Cara Santelli seeks to develop and optimize an aerobic bioremediation system to circumvent issues associated with anaerobic systems.

Impact: The development of an aerobic selenium bioremediation system will alleviate the complexities of anaerobic bioremediation for industrial wastewater treatment. The system may also be applied in northeastern Minnesota to treat groundwater with naturally elevated selenium levels and discharge from proposed mining operations that may exceed selenium limits.

Primary Investigator: Sebastian Behrens
Co-Investigators: Kurt Spokas
Industry Partners: American Peat Technology; Global Mineral Engineering; Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
Award Type: Seed Grant – Postdoctoral Research Scholar

Problem: Mining operations in Northeastern Minnesota, and particularly copper-nickel and iron mineral mining, discharge water to the surrounding environment with high sulfate and heavy metal concentrations. Given the unique positioning within the regional hydrologic system, this contaminated water threatens the ecosystems of the Mississippi River, Lake Superior, and Rainy River watersheds. Prior research has shown high levels of sulfate and heavy metals to be toxic to plants and wildlife, such as wild rice and lake trout. With expanded mining operations proposed, it is critical that remediation technology and tools keep pace, and prevent these contaminants from entering Minnesota waterways.

Solution: The Behrens Lab is developing a low-cost, biochar-based material that absorbs sulfate and heavy metals and removes them from water. Biochar is a plant-derived porous media that will be enriched with iron and manganese to enhance it’s adsorptive properties relative to these contaminants. The adsorptive performance of the biochar will be evaluated and compared to other commercially available sorptive media. The team will thus be able to assess the effectiveness and efficacy of this lower-cost option.

Impact: Iron and manganese enriched biochar is a relatively simple and low-cost solution for removal of sulfate and heavy metals from water. Iron’s magnetic properties not only enhance removal of heavy metals, but also the potential for recovery of these valuable metals from the biochar media, contaminated soil or sediment. Removal of sulfate and heavy metals will also begin remediating the impacted waters that support a culturally and economically important wild rice “manoomin” industry in northern Minnesota.